The DC method is robust and accurate for a wide variety of systems. However, the size of truncated clusters to obtain an accurate result tends to be large for metallic systems as shown in Fig. 18. A way of reducing the computational efforts is to map the original vector space defined by the truncated cluster into a Krylov subspace of which dimension is smaller than that of the original space [43]. The Krylov subspace method is available by
scf.EigenvalueSolver KrylovBasically, the accuracy and efficiency are controlled by the following two keywords:
orderN.HoppingRanges 6.0 orderN.KrylovH.order 400The keyword 'orderN.HoppingRanges' defines the radius of a sphere centered on each atom in the same sense as that in the DC method. The dimension of the Krylov subspace of Hamiltonian in each truncated cluster is given by 'orderN.KrylovH.order'. Moreover, the Krylov subspace method can be precisely tuned by the following keywords:
In case of 'orderN.Exact.Inverse.S=on', the inverse of overlap matrix for each truncated cluster is exactly evaluated. Otherwise, see the next keyword 'orderN.KrylovS.order'.
In case of 'orderN.Exact.Inverse.S=off', the inverse is approximated by a Krylov subspace method for the inverse, where the dimension of the Krylov subspace of overlap matrix in each truncated cluster is given by the keyword 'orderN.KrylovS.order'.
In case of 'orderN.Recalc.Buffer=on', the buffer matrix is recalculated at every SCF step. Otherwise, the buffer matrix is calculated at the first SCF step, and fixed at the subsequent SCF steps.
In case of 'orderN.Expand.Core=on', the core region is defined by atoms within a sphere with radius of , where is the distance between the central atom and the nearest atom. The core region defines a set of vectors used for the first step in the generation of the Krylov subspace for each truncated cluster. In case of 'orderN.Expand.Core=off', the central atom is considered as the core region. The default is 'on'.
It is better to switch on 'orderN.Exact.Inverse.S'
and 'orderN.Expand.Core'
as the covalency increases, while the opposite could becomes better
in simple metallic systems.
In Fig. 23 the absolute error in the total energy calculated by the
Krylov and DC methods are shown for a wide variety of materials.
It is found that in comparison with the DC method, the Krylov subspace
method is more efficient especially for metallic systems,
and that the efficiency become comparable as the covalency
and ionicity in the electronic structure increase.
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