General

Electronic transport properties of molecules, nano-wires, and bulks such as superlattice structures can be calculated based on a non-equilibrium Green function (NEGF) method within the collinear DFT. The features and capabilities are listed below:

• SCF calculation of system with two leads under zero and a finite bias voltages
• SCF calculation under gate bias voltage
• Compatible with the LDA+U method
• Spin-dependent transmission and current
• k-resolved transmission and current along perpendicular to the current axis
• Calculation of current-voltage curve
• Accurate and efficient contour integration scheme
• Interpolation of the effect by the bias voltage
• Quick calculation for periodic systems under zero bias

The details of the implementation can be found in Ref. [43]. The usage of the functionalities is explained in the following subsections.

System we consider

In the current implementation of OpenMX, a system shown in Fig. 29(a) is treated by the NEGF method. The system consists of a central region connected with infinite left and right leads, and the two dimensional periodicity spreads over the bc-plane. Considering the two dimensional periodicity, the system can be cast into a one-dimensional problem depending on the Bloch wave vector ${\bf k}$ shown in Fig. 29(b). Also, the Green function of the region $C (\equiv L_0\vert C_0\vert R_0)$ is self-consistently determined in order to take account of relaxation of electronic structure around the interface between the central region $C_0$ and the region $L_0(R_0)$. It should be noted that the electronic transport is assumed to be along the a-axis in the current implementation. Thus, users have to keep in mind the specification when the geometrical structure is constructed. See also the subsection 'Step 1: The calculations for leads'.

Figure: (a) Configuration of the system, treated by the NEGF method, with infinite left and right leads along the a-axis under a two dimensional periodic boundary condition on the bc-plane. (b) One dimensional system compacted from the configuration of (a) by considering the periodicity on the bc-plane, where the region $C$ is an extended central region consisting of $C_{0}$, $L_{0}$, and $R_{0}$.

Computational flow

The NEGF calculation is performed by the following three steps:

Step 1 $\to$ Step 2 $\to$ Step 3

Each step consists of

• Step 1

  The band structure calculations are performed for the left and right leads using a program code 'openmx'. The calculated results will be used to represent the Hamiltonian of the leads in the NEGF calculation of the step 2.

• Step 2

  The NEGF calculation is performed for the structure shown in Fig. 29 under zero or a finite voltage using a program code 'openmx', where the result in the step 1 is used for the construction of the leads.

• Step 3

  By making use of the result of the step 2, the transmission and current are calculated by a program code 'TranMain'.

An example: carbon chain

As a first trial, let us illustrate the three steps by employing a carbon chain. Before going to the illustration, a code 'TranMain' used in the step 3 has to be compiled in the source directory as follows:

   % make TranMain
 

If the compilation is successful, you will find the executable file 'TranMain', and may copy it your work directory, possibly 'work'. Then, you can proceed the following three calculations:

Step 1

      %./openmx Lead-Chain.dat | tee lead-chain.std 
    

A file 'negf-chain.hks' is generated by the step 1.

Step 2

      %./openmx NEGF-Chain.dat | tee negf-chain.std 
    

A file 'negf-chain.tranb' is generated by the step 2.

Step 3

      %./TranMain NEGF-Chain.dat 
    

'negf-chain.tran0_0', 'negf-chain.current', and 'negf-chain.conductance' are generated by the step 3.

The calculations can be traced by using the input files stored in a directory of 'work/negf_example'. By plotting the sixth column in 'negf-chain.tran0_0' as a function of the fourth column, you can see a transmission curve as shown Fig. 30.

Figure: Transmission of a carbon chain as a function of energy. The origin of energy is set to the chemical potential of the left lead.